028 基督的无罪与赎罪论
约壹 3:5 你们知道主曾显现,是要除掉人的罪;在他并没有罪。
-
- 问:神是不可能犯罪的。但拥有神人二性的耶稣基督是否有可能犯罪?
- 问:耶稣基督若是完全的人,那么他是否能够犯罪?
- 按耶稣基督的神性而言、神是不可能犯罪
- 按耶稣基督的人性而言,祂应该是有可能像亚当一样软弱犯罪
- 按耶稣的神格中的道德意志而言、按上帝的预定与计划,耶稣基督是一定会胜过罪恶。
主耶稣面对试炼时的挣扎
-
- 路22:39 耶稣出来,照常往橄榄山去,门徒也跟随他。40 到了那地方,就对他们说:「你们要祷告,免得入了迷惑。」41 於是离开他们约有扔一块石头那麽远,跪下祷告,42 说:「父啊!你若愿意,就把这杯撤去;然而,不要成就我的意思,只要成就你的意思。」43 有一位天使从天上显现,加添他的力量。44 耶稣极其伤痛,祷告更加恳切,汗珠如大血点滴在地上。45 祷告完了,就起来,到门徒那里,见他们因为忧愁都睡著了,46 就对他们说:「你们为什麽睡觉呢?起来祷告,免得入了迷惑!」
-
- 来5:7 基督在肉体的时候,既大声哀哭,流泪祷告,恳求那能救他免死的主,就因他的虔诚蒙了应允。8 他虽然为儿子,还是因所受的苦难学了顺从。9 他既得以完全,就为凡顺从他的人成了永远得救的根源
基督的无罪有两个层面 。
-
- 消极的层面来说[1] – 指的是基督受苦与顺服死在十字架上,祂不曾违背神的律法、诫命
- 积极的层面来说 – 指的是基督完全按照天父的心意来行事。
主耶稣是天父上帝所喜悦的
太3:17 从天上有声音说:「这是我的爱子,我所喜悦的。」
太 12:17 这是要应验先知以赛亚的话,说:18 看哪!我的仆人,我所拣选,所亲爱,心里所喜悦的,我要将我的灵赐给他;他必将公理传给外邦。
太 17:5 说话之间,忽然有一朵光明的云彩遮盖他们,且有声音从云彩里出来,说:「这是我的爱子,我所喜悦的。你们要听他!」
主耶稣完全遵照父的旨意
约2:13 犹太人的逾越节近了,耶稣就上耶路撒冷去。14 看见殿里有卖牛、羊、鸽子的,并有兑换银钱的人坐在那里,15 耶稣就拿绳子作成鞭子,把牛羊都赶出殿去,倒出兑换银钱之人的银钱,推翻他们的桌子,16 又对卖鸽子的说:「把这些东西拿去!不要将我父的殿当作买卖的地方。17 他的门徒就想起经上记著说:「我为你的殿心里焦急,如同火烧。」
约4:31 这其间,门徒对耶稣说:「拉比,请吃。」32 耶稣说:「我有食物吃,是你们不知道的。」33 门徒就彼此对问说:「莫非有人拿什麽给他吃吗?」34 耶稣说:「我的食物就是遵行差我来者的旨意,作成他的工。
太3:13 当下耶稣从加利利来到约但河,见了约翰,要受他的洗。14 约翰想要拦住他,说:「我当受你的洗,你反倒上我这里来吗?」15 耶稣回答说:「你暂且许我,因为我们理当这样尽诸般的义。to fulfil all righteousness」於是约翰许了他。
罗5:18 如此说来,因一次的过犯,众人都被定罪;照样,因一次的义行,众人也就被称义得生命了。19 因一人的悖逆,众人成为罪人;照样,因一人的顺从,众人也成为义了。
耶稣曾经受过试探
来4:15 因我们的大祭司并非不能体恤我们的软弱。他也曾凡事受过试探πειράζω,与我们一样,只是他没有犯罪。
雅1:13 人被试探πειράζω,不可说:「我是被神试探」;因为神不能被恶试探,他也不试探人。14 但各人被试探,乃是被自己的私欲牵引诱惑的。15 私欲既怀了胎,就生出罪来;罪既长成,就生出死来。
人受试探与耶稣受试探的不同。
主耶稣所受的试探是外在的,他没有任何内在罪的私欲。
神使那无罪替我们成为罪
林后 5:17 若有人在基督里,他就是新造的人,旧事已过,都变成新的了。18 一切都是出於神;他藉著基督使我们与他和好,又将劝人与他和好的职分赐给我们。19 这就是神在基督里,叫世人与自己和好,不将他们的过犯归到他们身上,并且将这和好的道理托付了我们。20 所以,我们作基督的使者,就好像神藉我们劝你们一般。我们替基督求你们与神和好。21 神使那无罪(无罪:原文作不知罪)的,替我们成为罪,好叫我们在他里面成为神的义。
基督无罪的生命是我们的榜样
彼前2:21 你们蒙召原是为此;因基督也为你们受过苦,给你们留下榜样,叫你们跟随他的脚踪行。22 他并没有犯罪,口里也没有诡诈。23 他被骂不还口;受害不说威吓的话,只将自己交托那按公义审判人的主。24 他被挂在木头上,亲身担当了我们的罪,使我们既然在罪上死,就得以在义上活。因他受的鞭伤,你们便得了医治。
-
- 恶劣环境会发动我们里面的罪,使我们行出恶来
- 唯有基督在邪恶的环境下,依然是完全圣洁的
===========================================
旧约:献上牛羊必须是纯全无残疾,完美的牲畜 (预表完美的基督)利4:32、9:3、22:21
Atonement 赎罪论
(1)Expiation 补偿、代替
赎罪祭 Atoning sacrifice (Yom Kippur Day of atonement)[2]
利未记 16章
利16:5 要从以色列会众取两只公山羊为赎罪祭,一只公绵羊为燔祭。6 「亚伦要把赎罪祭的公牛奉上,为自己和本家赎罪;7 也要把两只公山羊安置在会幕门口、耶和华面前,8 为那两只羊拈阄,一阄归与耶和华,一阄归与阿撒泻勒。9 亚伦要把那拈阄归与耶和华的羊献为赎罪祭,10 但那拈阄归与阿撒泻勒[3]的羊要活著安置在耶和华面前,用以赎罪,打发人送到旷野去,归与阿撒泻勒。
利16:14 也要取些公牛的血,用指头弹在施恩座的东面,又在施恩座的前面弹血七次。15 「随後他要宰那为百姓作赎罪祭的公山羊,把羊的血带入幔子内,弹在施恩座的上面和前面,好像弹公牛的血一样。16 他因以色列人诸般的污秽、过犯,就是他们一切的罪愆,当这样在圣所行赎罪之礼,并因会幕在他们污秽之中,也要照样而行。
利16:20 「亚伦为圣所和会幕并坛献完了赎罪祭,就要把那只活著的公山羊奉上。21 两手按在羊头上,承认以色列人诸般的罪孽过犯,就是他们一切的罪愆,把这罪都归在羊的头上,藉著所派之人的手,送到旷野去。22 要把这羊放在旷野,这羊要担当他们一切的罪孽,带到无人之地。
(2) Penal substitution “代罚救赎论” 或称 vicarious atonement [4]
主耶稣按律法的要求代替我们受罚
赛53:4 他诚然担当我们的忧患,背负我们的痛苦;我们却以为他受责罚,被神击打苦待了。5 哪知他为我们的过犯受害,为我们的罪孽压伤。因他受的刑罚,我们得平安;因他受的鞭伤,我们得医治。6 我们都如羊走迷;各人偏行己路;耶和华使我们众人的罪孽都归在他身上。
林前 5:21 神使那无罪(无罪:原文作不知罪)的,替我们成为罪,好叫我们在他里面成为神的义。
彼前 3:18 因基督也曾一次为罪受苦(有古卷:受死),就是义的代替不义的,为要引我们到神面前。按著肉体说,他被治死;按著灵性说,他复活了。
(3)Propitiation 挽回祭
约一 4:10 不是我们爱神,乃是神爱我们,差他的儿子为我们的罪作了挽回祭 ἱλασμός[5],这就是爱了。(ESV) In this is love, not that we have loved God but that he loved us and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins.
罗3:25 神设立耶稣作挽回祭ἱλαστήριον[6],是凭著耶稣的血,藉著人的信,要显明神的义;因为他用忍耐的心宽容人先时所犯的罪,
Rom 3:25 whom God put forward as a propitiation by his blood, to be received by faith. This was to show God’s righteousness, because in his divine forbearance he had passed over former sins.
来 9:5 柜上面有荣耀基路伯的影罩著施恩座ἱλαστήριον(施恩:原文作蔽罪)。这几件我现在不能一一细说。Heb 9:5 Above it were the cherubim of glory overshadowing the mercy seat ἱλαστήριον. Of these things we cannot now speak in detail.
(4)Redemption 救赎 、Ransom 赎价
Kinsmen Redeemer 至亲救赎者”
利25:47 「住在你那里的外人,或是寄居的,若渐渐富足,你的弟兄却渐渐穷乏,将自己卖给那外人,或是寄居的,或是外人的宗族,48 卖了以後,可以将他赎回。无论是他的弟兄,
利25:25 你的弟兄(弟兄是指本国人说;下同)若渐渐穷乏,卖了几分地业,他至近的亲属就要来把弟兄所卖的赎回。
-
- 波阿斯是俄米的至亲救赎者Kinsmen Redeemer 得4:3-8
- 基督把我们赎回归回给上帝
可10:45 因为人子来,并不是要受人的服事,乃是要服事人,并且要舍命作多人的赎价。」
问:赎价是归给谁?
(5) 撒但赎金说 Ransom to Satan Theory
俄利根Origen 185-254 提出赎价给撒旦 (此教导无法在圣经中看见任何依据)
(6)Moral influence Theory 道德影响论
-
- 阿贝拉尔Peter Albelard 1079-1142 他反对 “代罚救赎” Penal substitution
- 提出上帝如此安排,是为了表达祂的爱来影响世人。
(7)The Example Theory 榜样说
-
- 苏西尼Faustus Soci. The Socinians are followers of Faustus Socinus 1539-1604
- 他否定基督是神。否定三位一体。
- 不过提供信徒一个榜样,使人明白怎样才算是真正的顺服。
彼前 2:21 你们就是为此蒙召,因基督也为你们受过苦,给你们留下榜样,叫你们跟随他的脚踪行。
(8)满足说(The Satisfactory Theory)
-
- 安瑟伦(Anselm)认为人的罪亏缺了神的荣耀,但神的公义不容许人在无赎价之情形下得到罪的解除。罪带给人的结果只有两个可能性,一是死(惩罚),其次是满足(赎罪)。神由于怜悯人,他采用了第二个途径──藉他儿子的死和复活满足了神的心意,而人的罪及死亦得以解除。
(9)道德政权说(The Governmental Theory)
告诺底亚(Hugo Grotius 1583-1645)、认为主耶稣的受死并非为满足神的公义,乃是为彰显神的公义,神只是向世人彰显违背祂的律法诫命是何等严重的事情。
(10)Reconciliation 复和
林后 5:18 一切都是出於神;他藉著基督使我们与他和好,又将劝人与他和好的职分赐给我们。19 这就是神在基督里,叫世人与自己和好,不将他们的过犯归到他们身上,并且将这和好的道理托付了我们。
Atonement 赎罪论
-
- Expiation 补偿、代替
- Penal substitution “代罚救赎论” 或称 vicarious atonement
- Propitiation 挽回祭
- Redemption 救赎 、Ransom 赎价
- Example 榜样
- Reconciliation 复和
[1] Jesus’ death on the cross is called his passive obedience. The word passive may not be the best, because in English the term is usually contrasted with active. But Jesus is very active in sacrificing himself. He is the Priest who offers the sacrifice. He lays down his life, and he says in John 10:18: No one takes it from me, but I lay it down of my own accord. I have authority to lay it down, and I have authority to take it up again. This charge I have received from my Father. But the word passive is related to the Greek and Latin terms for suffering, so we can accept the term passive obedience simply as referring to his suffering and death.Frame, J. M. (2013). Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Christian Belief (p. 902). Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing.
[2] Yom Kippur is celebrated on the tenth day of the Hebrew month of Tishri (corresponds to mid-September through mid-October). Yom Kippur is celebrated on the tenth day of the Hebrew month of Tishri (corresponds to mid-September through mid-October).Lev 23:27 “Now on the tenth day of this seventh month is the Day of Atonement. It shall be for you a time of holy convocation, and you shall afflict yourselves and present a food offering to the LORD.
[3] This goat is said to be for Azazel (vv. 8, 10, 26). What is meant by the term is uncertain. Different etymologies are suggested to fit in with different interpretations.16 The most popular explanation among commentators is that Azazel is the name of a demon that lived in the wilderness. Three arguments are adduced in favor of this view. First, Azazel is in direct contrast with the Lord (v. 8). Would “the Lord” (Heb.YHWH), God’s personal name, be contrasted with something impersonal? Second, in later Jewish literature Azazel (Enoch 8:1; 9:6) is the name of a demon. Third, the OT looks on the wilderness as the haunt of demons and similar creatures (Lev. 17:7; Isa. 13:21; 34:14; cf. Matt. 12:43, etc.).Those who adopt this interpretation insist that the goat was not viewed as a sacrifice or gift to Azazel. The sins of Israel were simply being sent back to their author, Azazel, who lived in the desert. Despite this disclaimer, it is not difficult to see the rite being misinterpreted as a gift to the demon, if Azazel is a demon’s name. There is, therefore, force in Hertz’s objection to this view. “The offering of sacrifices to ‘satyrs’ is spoken of as a heinous crime in the very next chapter (17:7); homage to a demon of the wilderness cannot, therefore, be associated with the holiest of the Temple-rites in the chapter immediately preceding.”17Hoffmann18 and Hertz19 prefer another interpretation, namely, that Azazel is a rare Hebrew noun meaning “complete destruction.”A third possibility is that Azazel means “rocky precipice”; this was Rashi’s explanation. “It was a precipitous and flinty rock.”20 More recently this interpretation has been endorsed by G. R. Driver,21 who gives a fresh derivation of the term.If v. 22 is an expansion of what is said earlier in v. 10, as I have argued, Rashi would be justified in taking “land of cutting off” as interpretative of Azazel. If this phrase is understood to mean a land that is cut off, it would support Azazel as meaning “rocky” or “craggy.” If it means a place that cuts off. Azazel may be better interpreted “total destruction” as suggested by Hertz and Hoffmann.Wenham, G. J. (1979). The Book of Leviticus (pp. 234–235). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
[4] A “vicar” is someone who stands in the place of another or who represents another. Christ’s death was therefore “vicarious” because he stood in our place and represented us. As our representative, he took the penalty that we deserve. Grudem, W. A. (2004). Systematic theology: an introduction to biblical doctrine (p. 579). Leicester, England; Grand Rapids, MI: Inter-Varsity Press; Zondervan Pub. House.
Some of the Opposition to this
1.Perfect satisfaction for sin, even by way of substitution, leaves no room for divine forgiveness or pardon.
2.It is unjust both to punish the innocent and to allow the guilty to go free.
3.The finite suffering and temporary death of one is disproportionate to the infinite suffering and permanent death of many.
4.The grace of perfect satisfaction would appear to confer on its beneficiaries a freedom to sin without consequence.
[5] hilasmos noun
[6] In Romans 3:25 the NASB translates “propitiation” from the Greek word hilasterion (noun). Concretely it specifically means the lid of The Ark of The Covenant.[2] The only other occurrence of hilasterion in the NT is in Hebrews 9:5, where the NASB translates it as “mercy seat”.used of the cover of the ark of the covenant in the Holy of Holies, which was sprinkled with the blood of the expiatory victim on the annual day of atonement (this rite signifying that the life of the people, the loss of which they had merited by their sins, was offered to God in the blood as the life of the victim, and that God by this ceremony was appeased and their sins expiated); hence the lid of expiation, the propitiatory
Heb 9:5 柜上面有荣耀基路伯的影罩著施恩座hilasterion(施恩:原文作蔽罪)。这几件我现在不能一一细说。